Nea Big Read Program, Los Angeles, 2018 Dorothy Randall Gray

American novelist and screenwriter

For the 14th United States Sergeant Major of the Army, run across Raymond F. Chandler.

Raymond Chandler
Chandler c. 1943
Born	Raymond Thornton Chandler (1888-07-23)July 23, 1888 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died	March 26, 1959(1959-03-26) (aged 70) La Jolla, California, U.Southward.
Resting place	Mountain Hope Cemetery, San Diego, U.S.
Occupation	Novelist
Nationality	American (1888–1907, 1956–1959) British (1907–1959)
Period	1933–1959
Genre	Crime fiction, suspense, hardboiled
Spouse	Cissy Pascal ​ ​ (m. 1924; died 1954)​

Raymond Thornton Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American-British novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a detective fiction author afterwards losing his task equally an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His beginning short story, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in 1933 in Black Mask, a popular pulp mag. His first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In improver to his brusk stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime (an 8th, in progress at the time of his decease, was completed past Robert B. Parker). All but Playback take been fabricated into motion pictures, some more than in one case. In the year before his death, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America.

Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on American popular literature. He is a founder of the hard-boiled school of detective fiction, forth with Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain and other Black Mask writers. The protagonist of his novels, Philip Marlowe, like Hammett'southward Sam Spade, is considered by some to exist synonymous with "private detective". Both were played in films past Humphrey Bogart, whom many consider to be the quintessential Marlowe.

At least 3 of Chandler's novels have been regarded as masterpieces: Farewell, My Lovely (1940), The Little Sister (1949), and The Long Goodbye (1953). The Long Goodbye was praised in an anthology of American crime stories as "arguably the first book since Hammett'southward The Drinking glass Fundamental, published more than than twenty years earlier, to qualify as a serious and meaning mainstream novel that only happened to possess elements of mystery".^[2] Four of his novels appear on the British-based Crime Writers Association Poll (1990) of the best 100 crime fiction novels always published.

Biography [edit]

Early life [edit]

Chandler was built-in in 1888 in Chicago, the son of Florence Sprint (Thornton) and Maurice Benjamin Chandler.^[iii] He spent his early years in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, living with his mother and father well-nigh his cousins and his aunt (his mother's sister) and uncle.^[4] Chandler'southward male parent, an alcoholic civil engineer who worked for the railway, abandoned the family unit.^[5] To obtain the best possible education for Ray, his mother, originally from Ireland, moved them to the area of Upper Norwood in what is now the London Civic of Croydon, England^[6] in 1900.^[7] Another uncle, a successful lawyer in Waterford, Republic of ireland, reluctantly supported them^[8] while they lived with Chandler's maternal grandmother. Raymond was a first cousin to the role player Max Adrian, a founding fellow member of the Royal Shakespeare Company; Max'due south female parent Mabel was a sister of Florence Thornton. Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich Higher, London (a public schoolhouse whose alumni include the authors P. G. Wodehouse^[8] and C. S. Forester). He spent some of his childhood summers in Waterford with his mother's family.^[nine] He did non get to academy, instead spending time in Paris and Munich improving his foreign language skills. In 1907, he was naturalized equally a British subject in society to take the ceremonious service examination, which he passed. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a twelvemonth. His first poem was published during that time.

Chandler disliked the servility of the ceremonious service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, became a reporter for the Daily Limited and also wrote for the Westminster Gazette.^[10] He was unsuccessful as a journalist, but he published reviews and continued writing romantic poesy. An encounter with the slightly older Richard Barham Middleton is said to take influenced him into postponing his career equally author. "I met... also a immature, disguised, and sad-eyed man called Richard Middleton. ... Soon afterward he committed suicide in Antwerp, a suicide of despair, I should say. The incident made a great impression on me, considering Middleton struck me as having far more talent than I was ever likely to possess; and if he couldn't make a become of it, it wasn't very likely that I could." Accounting for that fourth dimension he said, "Of class in those days as now at that place were...clever young men who fabricated a decent living every bit freelances for the numerous literary weeklies", but "I was distinctly non a clever fellow. Nor was I at all a happy young homo."^[11]

In 1912, he borrowed money from his Waterford uncle, who expected it to be repaid with interest, and returned to America, visiting his aunt and uncle earlier settling in San Francisco for a fourth dimension, where he took a correspondence course in accounting, finishing alee of schedule. His mother joined him there in late 1912. Encouraged by Chandler's attorney/oilman friend Warren Lloyd, they moved to Los Angeles in 1913,^[12] where he strung tennis rackets, picked fruit and endured a fourth dimension of scrimping and saving. He plant steady employment with the Los Angeles Creamery. In 1917, he traveled to Vancouver, where in August he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He saw combat in the trenches in France with the 16th Battalion, C.E.F. The Canadian Scottish Regiment, was twice hospitalized with Spanish influenza during the pandemic^[13] and was undergoing flight training in the fledgling Regal Air Force (RAF) when the war ended.^[8]

Afterwards the armistice, he returned to Los Angeles by style of Canada, and soon began a love affair with Pearl Eugenie ("Cissy") Pascal, a married woman eighteen years his senior and the stepmother of Gordon Pascal, with whom Chandler had enlisted.^[8] Cissy amicably divorced her hubby, Julian, in 1920, but Chandler's female parent disapproved of the relationship and refused to sanction the spousal relationship. For the adjacent four years Chandler supported both his mother and Cissy. After the death of Florence Chandler on September 26, 1923, he was gratis to marry Cissy. They were married on February half dozen, 1924.^{[8] [14]} Having begun in 1922 as a bookkeeper and auditor, Chandler was past 1931 a highly paid vice president of the Dabney Oil Syndicate, but his alcoholism, absenteeism, promiscuity with female employees, and threatened suicides^[8] contributed to his dismissal a twelvemonth later on.

As a author [edit]

In straitened financial circumstances during the Bully Depression, Chandler turned to his latent writing talent to earn a living, teaching himself to write pulp fiction by analyzing and imitating a novelette by Erle Stanley Gardner. Chandler's showtime professional work, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in Blackness Mask magazine in 1933. According to genre historian Herbert Ruhm, "Chandler, who worked slowly and painstakingly, revising again and again, had taken five months to write the story. Erle Stanley Gardner could turn out a pulp story in three or four days—and turned out an estimated one thousand."^[15]

His first novel, The Large Sleep, was published in 1939, featuring the detective Philip Marlowe, speaking in the get-go person. In 1950, Chandler described in a alphabetic character to his English publisher, Hamish Hamilton, why he began reading lurid magazines and later wrote for them:

Wandering upwards and down the Pacific Declension in an automobile I began to read lurid magazines, because they were cheap enough to throw away and because I never had at any time whatsoever taste for the kind of thing which is known every bit women's magazines. This was in the great days of the Black Mask (if I may phone call them peachy days) and it struck me that some of the writing was pretty forceful and honest, even though it had its crude aspect. I decided that this might be a skillful manner to try to learn to write fiction and get paid a modest amount of money at the aforementioned time. I spent five months over an 18,000 word novelette and sold information technology for $180. After that I never looked back, although I had a expert many uneasy periods looking forrad.^[16]

His second Marlowe novel, Cheerio, My Lovely (1940), became the footing for three pic versions adapted by other screenwriters, including the 1944 film Murder My Sweet, which marked the screen debut of the Marlowe character, played by Dick Powell (whose depiction of Marlowe Chandler applauded). Literary success and film adaptations led to a demand for Chandler himself as a screenwriter. He and Billy Wilder co-wrote Double Indemnity (1944), based on James Yard. Cain'southward novel of the same title. The noir screenplay was nominated for an Academy Laurels. Said Wilder, "I would just guide the structure and I would also do a lot of the dialogue, and he (Chandler) would and so encompass and start amalgam as well." Wilder acknowledged that the dialogue which makes the film so memorable was largely Chandler'south.

Chandler's only produced original screenplay was The Blue Dahlia (1946). He had not written a denouement for the script and, according to producer John Houseman, Chandler concluded he could finish the script simply if drunk, with the aid of round-the-clock secretaries and drivers, which Houseman agreed to. The script gained Chandler'due south 2d Academy Award nomination for screenplay.

Chandler collaborated on the screenplay of Alfred Hitchcock'south Strangers on a Railroad train (1951), an ironic murder story based on Patricia Highsmith's novel, which he thought implausible. Chandler clashed with Hitchcock and they stopped talking after Hitchcock heard Chandler had referred to him every bit "that fat bastard". Hitchcock fabricated a show of throwing Chandler's 2 draft screenplays into the studio trash can while holding his nose, but Chandler retained the lead screenwriting credit along with Czenzi Ormonde.

In 1946, the Chandlers moved to La Jolla, an affluent coastal neighborhood of San Diego, California, where Chandler wrote two more Philip Marlowe novels, The Long Bye and his concluding completed work, Playback. The latter was derived from an unproduced courtroom drama screenplay he had written for Universal Studios.

Four chapters of a novel, unfinished at his death, were transformed into a final Philip Marlowe novel, Poodle Springs, past the mystery writer and Chandler gentleman Robert B. Parker, in 1989. Parker shares the authorship with Chandler. Parker subsequently wrote a sequel to The Big Sleep entitled Mayhap to Dream, which was salted with quotes from the original novel. Chandler'southward last Marlowe short story, circa 1957, was entitled "The Pencil". It after provided the ground of an episode of the HBO miniseries (1983–86), Philip Marlowe, Private Eye, starring Powers Boothe as Marlowe.

In 2014, "The Princess and the Pedlar" (1917), a previously unknown comic operetta, with libretto by Chandler and music past Julian Pascal, was discovered^[17] among the uncatalogued holdings of the Library of Congress. The piece of work was never published or produced. Information technology has been dismissed by the Raymond Chandler estate as "no more than… a curiosity."^[18] A small squad nether the direction of the actor and director Paul Sand is seeking permission to produce the operetta in Los Angeles.

Later life and death [edit]

Cissy Chandler died in 1954, later on a long illness. Heartbroken and drunk, Chandler neglected to inter her cremated remains, and they sat for 57 years in a storage locker in the basement of Cypress View Mausoleum.

After Cissy's death, Chandler's loneliness worsened his propensity for clinical depression; he returned to drinking alcohol, never quitting it for long, and the quality and quantity of his writing suffered.^[viii] In 1955, he attempted suicide. In The Long Encompass: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved, Judith Freeman says it was "a cry for help," given that he chosen the police beforehand, maxim he planned to kill himself. Chandler'southward personal and professional life were both helped and complicated by the women to whom he was attracted—notably Helga Greene, his literary amanuensis; Jean Fracasse, his secretary; Sonia Orwell (George Orwell'south widow); and Natasha Spender (Stephen Spender'southward wife). Chandler regained his U.Due south. citizenship in 1956, while retaining his British rights too.

After a respite in England, he returned to La Jolla. He died at Scripps Memorial Hospital of pneumonial peripheral vascular stupor and prerenal uremia (co-ordinate to the expiry certificate) in 1959. Helga Greene inherited Chandler's $60,000 estate, after prevailing in a 1960 lawsuit filed by Fracasse contesting Chandler's holographic codicil to his will.

Chandler is buried at Mount Promise Cemetery, in San Diego, California. As Frank MacShane noted in his biography, The Life of Raymond Chandler, Chandler wished to be cremated and placed next to Cissy in Cypress View Mausoleum. Instead, he was buried in Mountain Hope, because he had left no funeral or burial instructions.^[19]

In 2010, Chandler historian Loren Latker, with the assistance of attorney Aissa Wayne (girl of John Wayne), brought a petition to disinter Cissy'south remains and reinter them with Chandler in Mount Hope. After a hearing in September 2010 in San Diego Superior Court, Judge Richard S. Whitney entered an order granting Latker's request.^[20]

On February 14, 2011, Cissy's ashes were conveyed from Cypress View to Mount Hope and interred under a new grave marker above Chandler's, equally they had wished.^[21] Nigh 100 people attended the ceremony, which included readings by the Rev. Randal Gardner, Powers Boothe, Judith Freeman and Aissa Wayne. The shared gravestone reads, "Expressionless men are heavier than broken hearts", a quotation from The Big Sleep. Chandler'southward original gravestone, placed by Jean Fracasse and her children, is all the same at the head of his grave; the new ane is at the foot.

Views on pulp fiction [edit]

In his introduction to Trouble Is My Business organization (1950), a collection of many of his short stories, Chandler provided insight on the formula for the detective story and how the pulp magazines differed from previous detective stories:

The emotional ground of the standard detective story was and had always been that murder will out and justice will exist done. Its technical basis was the relative insignificance of everything except the final denouement. What led upward to that was more or less passage work. The denouement would justify everything. The technical basis of the Black Mask blazon of story on the other hand was that the scene outranked the plot, in the sense that a good plot was 1 which made good scenes. The ideal mystery was one you would read if the end was missing. Nosotros who tried to write information technology had the aforementioned signal of view as the film makers. When I kickoff went to Hollywood a very intelligent producer told me that you lot couldn't make a successful motion picture from a mystery story, because the whole indicate was a disclosure that took a few seconds of screen time while the audience was reaching for its hat. He was incorrect, but only because he was thinking of the wrong kind of mystery.

Chandler too described the struggle that writers of lurid fiction had in following the formula demanded by the editors of the pulp magazines:

Every bit I look dorsum on my stories it would be absurd if I did non wish they had been ameliorate. But if they had been much amend they would not have been published. If the formula had been a piffling less rigid, more of the writing of that fourth dimension might have survived. Some of us tried pretty difficult to break out of the formula, only we usually got defenseless and sent dorsum. To exceed the limits of a formula without destroying it is the dream of every magazine author who is not a hopeless hack.^[22]

Critical reception [edit]

Critics and writers, including W. H. Auden, Evelyn Waugh and Ian Fleming, greatly admired Chandler's prose.^[viii] In a radio discussion with Chandler, Fleming said that Chandler offered "some of the finest dialogue written in any prose today".^[23] Contemporary mystery writer Paul Levine has described Chandler'due south mode every bit the "literary equivalent of a quick dial to the gut".^[24] Chandler'south swift-moving, hardboiled style was inspired mostly by Dashiell Hammett, but his precipitous and lyrical similes are original: "The cage of the Luger looked like the rima oris of the 2nd Street tunnel"; "He had a centre as big equally one of Mae Westward'southward hips"; "Dead men are heavier than broken hearts"; "I went back to the seasteps and moved down them equally cautiously as a true cat on a wet floor." Chandler's writing redefined the private middle fiction genre, led to the coining of the adjective "Chandleresque", and inevitably became the subject of parody and pastiche. Yet the detective Philip Marlowe is not a stereotypical tough guy, but a complex, sometimes sentimental man with few friends, who attended university, who speaks some Castilian and sometimes admires Mexicans and Blacks, and who is a educatee of chess and classical music. He is a man who refuses a prospective client's fee for a task he considers unethical.

The high regard in which Chandler is generally held today is in contrast to the critical sniping that stung the author during his lifetime. In a March 1942 letter of the alphabet to Blanche Knopf, published in Selected Messages of Raymond Chandler, he wrote, "The thing that rather gets me downwardly is that when I write something that is tough and fast and full of commotion and murder, I get panned for being tough and fast and full of commotion and murder, and then when I attempt to tone down a scrap and develop the mental and emotional side of a situation, I get panned for leaving out what I was panned for putting in the showtime time."

Although his work enjoys full general acclaim today, Chandler has been criticized for certain aspects of his writing. The Washington Post reviewer Patrick Anderson described his plots as "rambling at all-time and incoherent at worst" (notoriously, even Chandler did not know who murdered the chauffeur in The Big Sleep ^[25]) and Anderson criticized Chandler's treatment of blackness, female, and homosexual characters, calling him a "rather nasty man at times".^{[26] [27]} Anderson nevertheless praised Chandler as "probably the most lyrical of the major criminal offence writers".^[28]

Chandler's short stories and novels are evocatively written, conveying the time, place and ambiance of Los Angeles and environs in the 1930s and 1940s.^[eight] The places are real, if pseudonymous: Bay City is Santa Monica, Grayness Lake is Silver Lake, and Idle Valley a synthesis of wealthy San Fernando Valley communities.

Playback is the simply one of his novels not to have been cinematically adapted. Arguably the well-nigh notable adaptation is The Big Slumber (1946), by Howard Hawks, with Humphrey Bogart as Philip Marlowe. William Faulkner was a co-writer of the screenplay. Chandler's few screenwriting efforts and the cinematic adaptation of his novels proved stylistically and thematically influential on the American film noir genre. Notable for its revised take on the Marlowe character, transplanting the novel to the 1970s, is Robert Altman'due south 1973 neo-noir accommodation of The Long Adieu.

Chandler was also a perceptive critic of detective fiction; his essay "The Simple Fine art of Murder" is the canonical essay in the field.^{[ citation needed ]}

In popular culture [edit]

British songwriter Robyn Hitchcock paid homage to Chandler in the vocal "Raymond Chandler Evening" on the 1986 anthology Element of Light.^[29]

In the 11th upshot of the influential Cyberpunk fanzine Inexpensive Truth, Vincent Omniaveritas conducted a fictitious interview with Chandler. The interview opines that Chandler'southward views towards the potential for respectability in pulp and genre fiction could as well exist applied to Scientific discipline Fiction, specifically the Cyberpunk movement.^[30] It also derides Chandler'due south now-famous 1953 caricature of pulp Science Fiction.^[31] In the 2012 documentary, The Doors: Mr. Mojo Risin'- The Story Of 50.A. Woman, keyboardist, Ray Manzarek describes Jim Morrison's lyrics to L.A. Woman, "Another lost affections in the urban center of night." "The lyrics were and so good. And so Raymond Chandler, so Nathanael West, and then 1930's, twoscore's, night seamy side of Los Angeles. A place where Jim would hands get".

In the season iv (1993) of the Tv serial Northern Exposure, episode 16 starts with Chris reading to Ed a volume with visible cover showing "Midnight - Raymond Chandler" while sitting in the Brick bar in the fictional town of Cicely, Alaska. Chris reads a passage from a book virtually the hot dry out unnerving desert wind which causes people to act unexpectedly aggressively. The episode itself has a similar premise, namely, the "bad current of air" blows through Cicely. After hearing the passage, Ed, impressed, utters "Whoa". Chris winks and says:"Raymond Chandler!"

In flavour 4, episode 18 of the sitcom Friends, during a argue over whether or not to name one of Phoebe'due south triplets "Chandler" or "Joey," Joey challenges Chandler to "name i famous person named Chandler." Chandler replies with "Raymond Chandler," to which Joey responds, "Someone yous didn't make up!"

The popular Japanese super hero show, Kamen Rider, referenced Raymond Chandler's The Long Farewell in the 2009 series, Kamen Rider W. Kamen Passenger W is a story of two detectives, Shotaro Hidari and Phillip, who become one when they transform into Westward, and battle criminals who are powered past drug like USBs called Gaia Memories. Phillip is named afterward Philip Marlowe, his name was chosen by Narumi Soukichi, Shotaro Hidari'due south mentor and fan of Chandler's The Long Bye. Many episodes of the show reference the hard-boiled style featured in Chandler's works. The Japanese version of the book can be seen prominently in "Kamen Rider X Kamen Passenger W & Decade Movie Taisen 2010", likewise as throughout the Television series on Shotaro'south shelf, next to his desk where he writes his memoirs of cases in a wannabe hard-boiled, one-half-boiled manner.^{[32] [ circular reference ]}

Works [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ Chandler 1950, "About the Author".
2. ^ Pronzini & Adrian 1995, p. 169.
3. ^ "Raymond Thornton Chandler". Columbia Encyclopedia. February 2013.
4. ^ "Chapter I Raymond Chandler". The New York Times . Retrieved June ii, 2014.
5. ^ "Waterfordland".
6. ^ "Blue Plaque for Raymond Chandler". English Heritage. October 17, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
7. ^ "Plattsmouth, Nebraska", Demography, US, 1900
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f 1000 h i} Iyer, Pico (December 6, 2007). "The Knight of Dusk Boulevard". New York Review of Books. pp. 31–33.
9. ^ "Raymond Chandler". Waterford Ireland. Tripod. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
10. ^ MacShane 1976, p. 17.
11. ^ Chandler 1962, p. 24.
12. ^ "Florence arrives", Passenger Manifest SS Merion, Dec 1912
13. ^ "The clews from Raymond Chandler's state of war". www.thekeptgirl.com . Retrieved November 30, 2018.
14. ^ Raymond Chandler 's Shamus Town Timeline and Residences pages using official regime sources (death certificate, census, military & civil – city & telephone directories).
15. ^ Herbert Ruhm, "Introduction", in Herbert Ruhm (1977), ed., The Hard-boiled Detective: Stories from "Black Mask" Mag, 1920-1951, New York: Vintage, p. xvii.
16. ^ Chandler 1969, p. vii.
17. ^ Weinman, Sarah (December 2, 2014), "Unpublished Raymond Chandler Work Discovered in Library of Congress", The Guardian, London
18. ^ Cooper, Kim. "Goblin Wine". Retrieved Dec 30, 2014.
19. ^ Hiney (1997). pp. 275–276.
20. ^ Bell, Diane (September eight, 2010). "Ashes of Chandler'due south wife to bring together him for eternity". SignOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
21. ^ Bell, Diane (Feb fourteen, 2011). "Raymond Chandler and His Wife, Cissy, Are Finally Reunited". SignOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
22. ^ Chandler 1950, pp. viii–nine.
23. ^ "Archive – James Bond – Ian Fleming and Raymond Chandler". BBC. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
24. ^ Paul Levine (Dec xvi, 2014). "Hard-Boiled Dialogue: From Philip Marlowe to Jake Lassiter". Paul-levine.com . Retrieved Feb twenty, 2016.
25. ^ "Entertainment" in The Los Angeles Times, December four, 1997
26. ^ Forest, Paula L. (March eleven, 2007). "Criminal Minds". Los Angeles Times.
27. ^ Sante, Luc (February xviii, 2007). "Rise Crime". The New York Times.
28. ^ Butki, Scott. (Baronial 2, 2007) "An Interview With Patrick Anderson, Author of The Triumph of the Thriller: How Cops, Crooks, and Cannibals Captured Pop Fiction, Part 2," Blog Critics. Retrieved on September 8, 2017.
29. ^ "The P.I. Record Drove". The Thrilling Detective . Retrieved May xiv, 2020.
30. ^ Sterling, Bruce (1985). "Raymond Chandler Interview". Inexpensive Truth. Retrieved Jan 2, 2018.
31. ^ Savov, Vlad (August 12, 2015). "Google was a 1953 Raymond Chandler joke". The Verge. Vocalisation Media. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
32. ^ ja:仮面ライダーWの登場キャラクター#鳴海探偵事務所

Works cited [edit]

• Chandler, Raymond (1950). Problem is my business : and other stories. Harmondsworth, Middlesex ; New York : Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-fourteen-000741-1.
• MacShane, Frank (1976). The life of Raymond Chandler. New York : E. P. Dutton. ISBN978-0-525-14552-3.

• Pronzini, Nib; Adrian, Jack, eds. (1995). Hard-boiled : an anthology of American criminal offense stories. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-508499-3.

Full general references [edit]

• Chandler, Raymond (1962). Gardiner, Dorothy; Walker, Kathrine Sorley (eds.). Raymond Chandler Speaking. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-520-20835-3.
• Chandler, Raymond (1969). The Raymond Chandler Jitney. Hamilton. , Foreword past Powell, Lawrence Clark
• Chandler, Raymond (2014). The world of Raymond Chandler : in his own words. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0-385-35236-nine.
• Hiney, Tom (June 1999). Raymond Chandler: A Biography. Grove Press. ISBN978-0-8021-3637-four.

Farther reading [edit]

• Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (1973). Chandler Before Marlowe: Raymond Chandler's Early Prose and Poetry, 1908–1912. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
• Chandler, Raymond (1976). The Blueish Dahlia (screenplay). Carbondale and Edwardsville, Sick.: Southern Illinois University Press.
• Chandler, Raymond (1985). Raymond Chandler'due south Unknown Thriller (unfilmed screenplay for Playback). New York: The Mysterious Press.
• Freeman, Judith (2007). The Long Comprehend: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved. N.Y.: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42351-two.
• Gross, Miriam (1977). The World of Raymond Chandler. New York: A & Westward Publishers.
• Hiney, Tom and MacShane, Frank, eds. (2000). The Raymond Chandler Papers: Selected Letters and Nonfiction, 1909–1959. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
• Howe, Alexander Due north. "The Detective and the Analyst: Truth, Knowledge, and Psychoanalysis in the Difficult-Boiled Fiction of Raymond Chandler." Clues: A Periodical of Detection 24.4 (Summer 2006): fifteen–29.
• Howe, Alexander N. (2008). "It Didn't Hateful Anything: A Psychoanalytic Reading of American Detective Fiction". North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-3454-six.
• Joshi, S. T. (2019). "Raymond Chandler: Hateful Streets" in Varieties of Criminal offence Fiction (Wildside Press) ISBN 978-i-4794-4546-2.
• MacShane, Frank (1976). The Notebooks of Raymond Chandler & English Summer: A Gothic Romance. New York: The Ecco Press.
• MacShane, Frank, ed. (1981). Selected Letters of Raymond Chandler. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Moss, Robert (2002.) "Raymond Chandler: A Literary Reference" New York: Carrol & Graf.
• Swirski, Peter (2005). "Raymond Chandler's Aesthetics of Irony" in From Lowbrow to Nobrow. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's Academy. ISBN 978-0-7735-3019-5.
• Ward, Elizabeth and Alain Silver (1987). Raymond Chandler's Los Angeles. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Printing. ISBN 0-87951-351-9.
• Williams, Tom (2014). A Mysterious Something in the Light: The Life of Raymond Chandler . New York: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1613736784.

External links [edit]

• Works by Raymond Chandler at Faded Page (Canada)
• Raymond Chandler at IMDb
• An essay on Chandler and Los Angeles history by William Marling
• Shamus Town The Los Angeles of Philip Marlowe where Raymond Chandler lived, worked and wrote most.
• "Down the Mean Streets with Philip Marlowe" BBC streaming sound plan on Chandler
• Photographs of Raymond Chandler's Los Angeles by Catherine Corman at The New Yorker
• "Chandler's double identity: Adrian Wootton on a writer's undercover cameo"; The Guardian, June five, 2009
• "Cheap Truth 11 - page 2"; Fanac, September ane, 2017

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler

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